{"id":45316,"date":"2026-02-07T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-02-07T19:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/magazine\/els-balcans-a-prop-xina-lluny-ue\/"},"modified":"2026-02-02T09:58:14","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T08:58:14","slug":"los-balcanes-cerca-china-lejos-ue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/es\/magazine\/los-balcanes-cerca-china-lejos-ue\/","title":{"rendered":"Los Balcanes: cerca de China y lejos de la UE"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Els Balcans Occidentals, una regi\u00f3 situada al sud-est d’Europa, s’ha convertit en un objectiu estrat\u00e8gic per a la Xina en termes d’inversions i influ\u00e8ncia.<\/b> El gegant asi\u00e0tic ha aprofitat el buit deixat per la Uni\u00f3 Europea<\/b> despr\u00e9s d\u2019anys d\u2019infructuoses negociacions sobre el lent proc\u00e9s d\u2019adhesi\u00f3 amb els pa\u00efsos de la pen\u00ednsula.<\/b><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Durant les dues \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades, <\/span>la Xina ha tret partit de l\u2019espectacular creixement de la seva economia incrementant la seva influ\u00e8ncia arreu del m\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del comer\u00e7 i inversions<\/b>. Beijing, amb el seu enfocament en vincular altres pa\u00efsos a la Iniciativa del Cintur\u00f3 i Ruta de la Seda, inverteix el seu capital ajudant a aixecar les economies regionals de parts del m\u00f3n oblidades per Occident a canvi de recursos naturals i acc\u00e9s als seus mercats.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aquesta expansi\u00f3 de lla\u00e7os comercials s\u2019ha concentrat principalment en el continent afric\u00e0, impulsant <\/span>un nou model de desenvolupament econ\u00f2mic m\u00e9s benevolent que l\u2019alternativa neoliberal dels poders colonials occidentals<\/b>. Tanmateix, l\u2019ascendent abast global del gegant asi\u00e0tic tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s palpable al continent europeu, especialment dins del grup de pa\u00efsos dels Balcans Occidentals que no formen part de la UE: Alb\u00e0nia, B\u00f2snia i Hercegovina, Kosovo, Maced\u00f2nia del Nord, Montenegro i S\u00e8rbia.<\/span><\/p>\n

La pen\u00ednsula dels Balcans Occidentals \u00e9s una regi\u00f3 rica en recursos naturals i un element cabdal per al desenvolupament del projecte xin\u00e8s amb la finalitat de facilitar les seves exportacions a Europa. Aix\u00f2 no obstant, una gran part d\u2019aquests pa\u00efsos tenen unes <\/span>infraestructures poc desenvolupades i malmeses despr\u00e9s d\u2019anys de conflictes militars<\/b>, <\/span>inestabilitat pol\u00edtica i manca d\u2019inversi\u00f3<\/b>. Concretament, les guerres iugoslaves durant la d\u00e8cada dels 90 i posteriors crisis pol\u00edtiques van ser la principal causa de la fragmentaci\u00f3 del mercat balc\u00e0nic i de la destrucci\u00f3 i subseq\u00fcent aband\u00f3 de la seva infraestructura.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9s per aix\u00f2 que hi ha un gran potencial de desenvolupament econ\u00f2mic en l’antany espai d’influ\u00e8ncia sovi\u00e8tica, que la Xina ha suplantat mentre la UE es mirava el melic. Aquesta pres\u00e8ncia cada vegada m\u00e9s evident del gegant asi\u00e0tic ha generat algunes reaccions divergents entre els pa\u00efsos de la regi\u00f3, i preocupa especialment als <\/span>Estats Units i la Uni\u00f3 Europea, que veuen minvat el seu poder de persuasi\u00f3<\/b> a l\u2019hora de dictar les aliances geoestrat\u00e8giques i comercials d\u2019aquests estats.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Un Pla Marshall a l\u2019estil xin\u00e8s<\/b><\/h3>\n

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A partir de la crisi econ\u00f2mica global del 2008, que tamb\u00e9 s’abatia sobre els Balcans, la Xina va veure la regi\u00f3 com un lloc ideal per a oferir les seves inversions, pr\u00e9stecs i exportaci\u00f3 de productes. Una d\u00e8cada despr\u00e9s, <\/span>136 <\/b>projectes<\/b><\/a> activats per un valor de 32.000 milions d\u2019euros <\/b>en els sectors energ\u00e8tics, metal\u00b7l\u00fargics, de la mineria, dels transports i infraestructures s\u2019han fet realitat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Des dels 61 plans d\u2019inversi\u00f3 aprovats per infraestructures cr\u00edtiques i construcci\u00f3 de f\u00e0briques a S\u00e8rbia fins als 30 projectes actius en el sector de l\u2019energia a B\u00f2snia i Hercegovina, els estats m\u00e9s pobres del continent europeu rebien amb les mans obertes al pa\u00eds asi\u00e0tic. A la vegada que la<\/span> Xina els feia<\/b> donacions de material sanitari i vacunes durant la pand\u00e8mia mentre es queixaven de la falta de solidaritat de la Uni\u00f3 Europea<\/b> que els donava l\u2019esquena.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9s veritat que at\u00e8s que molts d\u2019aquests projectes s’implementen en pa\u00efsos amb <\/span>una situaci\u00f3 macroecon\u00f2mica prec\u00e0ria, un limitat acc\u00e9s a finan\u00e7ament i una situaci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica relativament inestable<\/b>, no tenen gaires opcions de trobar altres fonts d\u2019inversi\u00f3. Encara que aquesta situaci\u00f3 pot canviar en un futur, el soci asi\u00e0tic ha establert les bases d\u2019una cooperaci\u00f3 que dif\u00edcilment s\u2019esvairan quan millori l\u2019estabilitat econ\u00f2mica-pol\u00edtica d\u2019aquests estats.<\/span><\/p>\n

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El cost ocult de les inversions<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Els beneficis d’aquesta expansi\u00f3 dels lla\u00e7os comercials entre els dos continents s\u00f3n evidents. Les inversions xineses <\/span>han ajudat a millorar la infraestructura i han creat llocs de treball als Balcans, contribuint al desenvolupament econ\u00f2mic i a la reducci\u00f3 de la pobresa.<\/b> A m\u00e9s, s\u2019han establert acords de cooperaci\u00f3 en \u00e0mbits com la cultura, l’educaci\u00f3 i la sanitat, fomentant una major interdepend\u00e8ncia i refor\u00e7ant les relacions econ\u00f2miques i diplom\u00e0tiques entre les dues parts.<\/span><\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, tamb\u00e9 hi ha una contrapartida menys positiva que de vegades acompanya a les inversions xineses. Alguns d\u2019aquests projectes han estat subjectes de <\/span>den\u00fancies i protestes per l\u2019explotaci\u00f3 laboral i danys mediambientals facilitats per una legislaci\u00f3 laxa i una corrupci\u00f3 governamental end\u00e8mica<\/b>. Un bon exemple d\u2019aquestes males pr\u00e0ctiques va tenir lloc durant la construcci\u00f3 de la planta de pneum\u00e0tics de Linglong a Zrenjanin (S\u00e8rbia) amb migrants portats de Vietnam que, segons va <\/span>denunciar<\/span><\/a> l\u2019Associaci\u00f3 Ciutadana Zrenjanin Acci\u00f3, treballaven i convivien en condicions infrahumanes.<\/span><\/p>\n

De la mateixa manera, una de les principals cr\u00edtiques \u00e9s la <\/span>manca de transpar\u00e8ncia dels projectes d\u2019inversi\u00f3 i de les possibles conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de no poder fer front als pr\u00e9stecs <\/b>multimilionaris que sovint els fan viables. El temps dir\u00e0 si la Xina seguir\u00e0 el mateix cam\u00ed que els poders occidentals amb el Fons Monetari Internacional, generant deutes insostenibles per als pa\u00efsos receptors de les seves \u2018ajudes\u2019 que comporten una p\u00e8rdua de sobirania i la venda dels seus b\u00e9ns i recursos a preus de saldo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Deixats de la m\u00e0 de la Uni\u00f3 Europea<\/b><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lluny queda la cimera UE-Balcans occidentals Sal\u00f2nica del <\/span>21 de juny de 2003, on es promovia el missatge que els Balcans podrien ser membres de la Uni\u00f3 Europea en 10 o 15 anys<\/b>. Es volia vendre la idea d\u2019una integraci\u00f3 europea que m\u00e9s tard va passar a segon pla a causa de la crisi financera del final de la d\u00e8cada, despr\u00e9s per culpa del Brexit i m\u00e9s tard pels resultats electorals als Estats Units i el conflicte a Ucra\u00efna.<\/span><\/p>\n

Si b\u00e9 \u00e9s cert que la UE ha seguit creixent en diversos processos d\u2019adhesi\u00f3 de nous estats membres de l\u2019Europa Central i Occidental, els pa\u00efsos dels Balcans Occidentals<\/span> segueixen a la cua,<\/span> estancats en negociacions que semblen no avan\u00e7ar 20 anys despr\u00e9s de les promeses<\/b>. Aix\u00f2 ha fet perdre credibilitat a la Uni\u00f3 Europea i ha provocat que grans sectors de la poblaci\u00f3 d\u2019aquesta regi\u00f3, anteriorment molt proeuropeus, avui se sentin tra\u00efts per la UE.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les darreres cimeres europees de car\u00e0cter majorit\u00e0riament simb\u00f2lic i la posada en marxa d\u2019una t\u00edmida alternativa europea a la nova Ruta de la Seda, per a ajudar als pa\u00efsos en vies de desenvolupament<\/span> a canvi d’una intensificaci\u00f3 dels lla\u00e7os comercials amb la UE i un refredament de les seves relacions econ\u00f2miques amb la Xina i R\u00fassia<\/b>, \u00e9s poc probable que canvi\u00efn la percepci\u00f3 que tenen els Balcans Occidentals d\u2019una Uni\u00f3 Europea que ja fa anys que ni hi \u00e9s ni se l\u2019espera.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Si vols descobrir la millor opci\u00f3 per protegir els teus estalvis, entra a <\/b>Preciosos 11Onze<\/b><\/a>. T\u2019ajudarem a comprar al millor preu el valor refugi per excel\u00b7l\u00e8ncia: l\u2019or f\u00edsic.<\/b><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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