{"id":57105,"date":"2026-09-09T17:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/?p=57105"},"modified":"2026-08-31T12:37:46","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T10:37:46","slug":"aircraft-slots-europe-skies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/aircraft-slots-europe-skies\/","title":{"rendered":"Aircraft, slots&#8230; what\u2019s happening in Europe\u2019s skies?\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>Demand for flights has returned to pre-pandemic levels, but the aviation industry has not recovered its capacity to manufacture aircraft, engines and parts at the same pace. At the same time, some of Europe\u2019s major airports have little room left to accommodate more operations. The result is a perfect storm: airlines that want to grow but cannot find aircraft, grounded planes and increasingly contested airport slots. A bottleneck that also helps explain why flying remains expensive.<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>European airports are full again<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. According to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurocontrol.int\/publication\/eurocontrol-forecast-2026-2032\"><b>EUROCONTROL<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> forecasts, Europe ended 2025 with around <\/span><b>11.1 million flights, 4% more than the previous year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and practically at the same level as in 2019. During the summer of 2026, the European network could approach 37,000 flights on the busiest days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At first glance, aviation seems to have left the pandemic crisis behind. But there is a problem: <\/span><b>passengers have returned faster than aircraft<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>Many passengers, but not enough aircraft<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buying a commercial aircraft is not like buying a car. The market is essentially dominated by <\/span><b>Airbus and Boeing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, surrounded by a complex network of manufacturers of engines, electronics, landing gear and thousands of components. <\/span><b>When a single part in this chain fails, the aircraft cannot be completed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>And the industry is still dealing with the consequences of recent years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: the pandemic, a shortage of specialised labour, problems with some engines, supply difficulties and production delays.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/pressroom\/2025-releases\/2025-12-09-02\/\"><b>IATA<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> estimates that the accumulated delivery shortfall already exceeds <\/span><b>5,300 aircraft<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and that the global backlog of outstanding orders exceeds <\/span><b>17,000 aircraft<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. At the current production rate, this is equivalent to approximately twelve years of manufacturing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/en\/products-services\/commercial-aircraft\/orders-and-deliveries\"><b>Airbus<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a good example. The European manufacturer <\/span><b>delivered 793 commercial aircraft<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 2025, but ended the year with a record backlog of <\/span><b>8,754 aircraft awaiting delivery<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is like a bakery that can make one hundred loaves of bread every day but already has orders for the next twelve days. Even if more customers appear willing to pay, the oven cannot multiply production overnight. The same thing happens with aircraft. But the wait can last <\/span><b>for years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>Having the aircraft does not guarantee that you can fly either<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is yet another problem: <\/span><b>engines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Some manufacturers have experienced <\/span><b>incidents<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that require extraordinary inspections and longer maintenance periods. Added to this is the shortage of parts and the saturation of maintenance workshops.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/pressroom\/2024-releases\/2024-12-10-02\/\"><b>IATA<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> noted that, at the end of 2024, there were around <\/span><b>5,000 aircraft parked<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> worldwide for various reasons, around <\/span><b>700<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of which were awaiting engine inspections.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The paradox is obvious: <\/span><b>there is a shortage of aircraft while thousands of those that already exist cannot fly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>Extending the life of old aircraft<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When an airline does not receive the aircraft it had ordered, it has few alternatives. It can continue using <\/span><b>aircraft it had planned to retire, lease aircraft<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the market or resort to a <\/span><b>wet lease: temporarily hiring an aircraft with crew, maintenance and insurance included<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/report.lufthansagroup.com\/2025\/annual-report\/en\/combined-management-report\/principles-of-the-group\/fleet-and-route-network\/fleet\/\"><b>Lufthansa<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, for example, operated 66 aircraft through wet leases during 2025, partly to compensate for delays and reinforce capacity. It has also brought its eight Airbus A380s back into service in response to delays in the delivery of new long-haul aircraft.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.ryanair.com\/news\/ryanair-2025-26-pat-rises-40-to-e2-26bn-pre-except-traffic-grows-4-to-208m-despite-boeing-delays\/\"><b>Ryanair<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has also suffered from this situation. The airline explains that during its 2025-2026 financial year it carried 208.4 million passengers despite delays in the delivery of 29 Boeing 737 MAX 8-200 aircraft.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All of this comes at a cost. According to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/pressroom\/2025-releases\/2025-10-13-01\/\"><b>IATA<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, supply chain problems cost airlines <\/span><b>more than 11 billion dollars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during 2025. In addition, aircraft leasing prices have increased by <\/span><b>between 20% and 30%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> compared with 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>The second major problem: slots<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But having an aircraft available is still not enough. You also need a <\/span><b>slot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A slot is, simply put, <\/span><b>permission for an aircraft to take off or land at a specific airport on a particular date and at a particular time<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine an airport as a car park in central Barcelona at eight o\u2019clock on a Monday morning. You may have a car, fuel and a driver. But if all the spaces are occupied, you cannot get in. Something similar happens at Europe\u2019s major airports.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heathrow, Amsterdam-Schiphol, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Frankfurt handle more than a thousand operations a day. In 2025, Istanbul led the European network with around 1,491 daily arrivals and departures, followed by Amsterdam, Heathrow, Charles de Gaulle and Frankfurt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurocontrol.int\/publication\/eurocontrol-data-snapshot-57-2025-european-aviation-numbers\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See EUROCONTROL data.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0When demand exceeds an airport\u2019s capacity, slots become a <\/span><b>scarce and extraordinarily valuable resource<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>The 80\/20 rule<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European regulations apply the principle known as <\/span><b>\u201cuse it or lose it\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. An airline that holds a series of slots must use them <\/span><b>at least 80% of the time<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to retain priority over that series in the equivalent season the following year, except under certain justified circumstances. <\/span><b>If it does not, the slots may be reassigned<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/1993\/95\/2022-10-26\/eng\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See European regulations on airport slots.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This explains why a time slot at Heathrow or Frankfurt <\/span><b>has such strategic value<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. And also why a new airline may have aircraft and money but still face <\/span><b>enormous difficulties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> competing at certain airports.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>When scarcity reaches the ticket price<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is where the most direct consequence for consumers appears. In a normal market, when demand increases sharply, companies can increase production. <\/span><b>Greater supply and greater competition tend to contain prices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But European aviation has physical limits. <\/span><b>There is a shortage of aircraft. Some are grounded. Leasing them is more expensive. And the most attractive airports have a limited number of slots. Therefore, capacity cannot grow as quickly as demand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Globally, IATA observed that in 2024 passenger demand had increased by 10.4%, while capacity had grown by only 8.7%. The result was a record load factor of 83.5%. Put more simply: <\/span><b>aircraft are flying fuller<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For airlines, this allows them to better protect their margins. For consumers, it means <\/span><b>less need<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to sell the last seats at large discounts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scarcity alone does not determine the price of a ticket. Fuel, taxes, the season, the route and competition also play a role. But it helps explain why recovering the number of flights seen before the pandemic does <\/span><b>not necessarily mean recovering the prices of previous times<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>The European paradox<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Europe ultimately faces a contradiction. <\/span><b>Demand for mobility continues to grow<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but expanding airports and increasing the number of flights comes into conflict with <\/span><b>European climate objectives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Replacing older aircraft with new, more efficient models could reduce fuel consumption and emissions per passenger. But these are precisely the aircraft that take years to arrive. Europe, therefore, wants to fly more, but neither can factories multiply the number of aircraft overnight nor can major airports create runways and slots indefinitely. <\/span><b>This is the major bottleneck facing European aviation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And it has a consequence that goes far beyond airlines: when a good is scarce and demand remains high, <\/span><b>whoever controls the available capacity gains power over the market<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":57104,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-57105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-sustainability"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Aircraft, slots... what\u2019s happening in Europe\u2019s skies?\u00a0 - 11Onze Comunitat Fintech<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aircraft shortages, production delays and scarce airport slots are limiting European aviation capacity and helping keep airfares high.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/aircraft-slots-europe-skies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Aircraft, slots... what\u2019s happening in Europe\u2019s skies?\u00a0 - 11Onze Comunitat Fintech\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aircraft shortages, production delays and scarce airport slots are limiting European aviation capacity and helping keep airfares high.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/aircraft-slots-europe-skies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"11Onze Comunitat Fintech\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/11OnzeComunitat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-09T15:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/11ONZE_CEL_EUROPEU-2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Equip Editorial\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@11OnzeFintech\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@11OnzeFintech\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Equip Editorial\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.11onze.cat\\\/en\\\/magazine\\\/aircraft-slots-europe-skies\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.11onze.cat\\\/en\\\/magazine\\\/aircraft-slots-europe-skies\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Equip Editorial\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.11onze.cat\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/636d99b4c82bb7178687ecd43c3a61bd\"},\"headline\":\"Aircraft, slots&#8230; 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