{"id":44240,"date":"2026-05-31T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-31T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/magazine\/millora-sistema-extractiu\/"},"modified":"2026-05-26T13:44:38","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T11:44:38","slug":"improvement-extractive-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/improvement-extractive-system\/","title":{"rendered":"The improvement of the extractive system"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>L\u2019exuber\u00e0ncia econ\u00f2mica de finals del segle XVII far\u00e0 creure a les monarquies europees que la riquesa del m\u00f3n \u00e9s est\u00e0tica i que nom\u00e9s cal repartir-la. <\/b><b>La constant entrada d\u2019or i de plata dins l\u2019economia els permetr\u00e0 universalitzar la seva idea de civilitzaci\u00f3, i s\u2019aprofitaran de la meravella causada en aquelles cultures amb pr\u00e0ctiques i creences ancestrals. Dels <\/b><b>700 milions de persones que habitaran el m\u00f3n, quasi 120 milions viuran a Europa, at\u00e8s que la mundialitzaci\u00f3 \u2014iniciada dos segles abans\u2014 els possibilitar\u00e0 una varietat aliment\u00e0ria que els permetr\u00e0 allargar la seva esperan\u00e7a de vida.\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En finalitzar el segle, els europeus hauran verificat emp\u00edricament tota la terra, la qual cosa els permetr\u00e0 generar una cartografia basada en l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 de la realitat. Lluny quedar\u00e0 aquella geografia imagin\u00e0ria fonamentada en les supersticions dogm\u00e0tiques. D\u2019aquesta manera, <\/span><b>apareixeran infinitud de descripcions sobre civilitzacions ex\u00f2tiques dins l\u2019imaginari europeu, el qual dibuixar\u00e0 un canvi en els gustos \u2014m\u00e9s orientalitzats\u2014 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">i suscitar\u00e0 una progressiva actitud cr\u00edtica davant les creences que els europeus tenen sobre el m\u00f3n. Aquest sentiment d\u2019universalitat cultural s\u2019anir\u00e0 diluint a mesura que l\u2019europeu entengui que el m\u00f3n tamb\u00e9 est\u00e0 habitat per una multitud de cultures i civilitzacions, les quals s\u00f3n diferents de les descripcions contingudes a la B\u00edblia. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per tant, l\u2019adopci\u00f3 del pensament cr\u00edtic comportar\u00e0 la codificaci\u00f3 enciclop\u00e8dica de la natura <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a trav\u00e9s del revolucionari m\u00e8tode cient\u00edfic, el qual es basar\u00e0 en l\u2019observaci\u00f3, l\u2019experimentaci\u00f3 i l\u2019especulaci\u00f3 emp\u00edrica. La f\u00edsica \u2014escrita amb llenguatge matem\u00e0tic\u2014 descriur\u00e0 les formes i les mides dels cossos celestes, mitjan\u00e7ant l\u2019\u00fas de la recentment creada geometria anal\u00edtica. I a partir d\u2019aquest moment, <\/span><b>la ci\u00e8ncia esdevindr\u00e0 un corpus de coneixement diferenciat de la filosofia i la religi\u00f3<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tot plegat desembocar\u00e0 en una percepci\u00f3 de la realitat que provocar\u00e0 que les elits intel\u00b7lectuals europees es q\u00fcestionin conceptes tan b\u00e0sics com la propietat, la just\u00edcia, el poder i, per damunt de tot, la religi\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component quote\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"quote__content col col-lg-8 offset-lg-2\">\n        <div class=\"quote__content__img\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ORIOLGARCIAFARRE-768x768.png\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"quote__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"row\">\n            <div class=\"col col-lg-10 offset-lg-1\">\n              <blockquote>\n                <p><b>\u201c<\/b><b>L\u2019adopci\u00f3 del pensament cr\u00edtic comportar\u00e0 la codificaci\u00f3 enciclop\u00e8dica de la natura <\/b><b>a trav\u00e9s del revolucionari m\u00e8tode cient\u00edfic, el qual es basar\u00e0 en l\u2019observaci\u00f3, l\u2019experimentaci\u00f3 i l\u2019especulaci\u00f3 emp\u00edrica.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n                <span class=\"quote__content__author\">Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, historiador i agent 11Onze<\/span>\n              <\/blockquote>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>El q\u00fcestionament de la divinitzaci\u00f3 del poder<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De forma clara, l\u2019Esgl\u00e9sia \u2014 tant la cat\u00f2lica com la protestant\u2014 haur\u00e0 de fer front a multitud de veus discordants que dubtaran sobre l\u2019origen div\u00ed dels textos sagrats, at\u00e8s que es q\u00fcestionar\u00e0 l\u2019autoria divina de les Sagrades Escriptures. Aleshores, <\/span><b>la religi\u00f3 esdevindr\u00e0 un assumpte individual i privat entre l&#8217;home o la dona amb D\u00e9u<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. I en virtut d&#8217;aquesta privatitzaci\u00f3, els europeus progressivament s&#8217;alliberaran de dependre obligat\u00f2riament de les disciplines dogm\u00e0tiques imposades per l\u2019Esgl\u00e9sia des del segle X.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El fet de q\u00fcestionar el fonament sagrat que justificava l\u2019exist\u00e8ncia dels Estats cristians, esquerdar\u00e0 la legitimitat confessional de l\u2019autoritat pol\u00edtica representada pel monarca. Amb la presa de consci\u00e8ncia del propi jo \u2014a trav\u00e9s del principi racional \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cogito ergo sum\u201d<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span> <b>s\u2019inaugurar\u00e0 la filosofia moderna que portar\u00e0 als savis il\u00b7lustrats a q\u00fcestionar obertament la divinitzaci\u00f3 del poder reial.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aquest innovador pensament racional provocar\u00e0 un xoc frontal entre els partidaris del poder absolut \u2014en mans d\u2019una sola persona i defensat aferrissadament per totes les monarquies europees\u2014 contra els defensors de l\u2019estat natural de l\u2019\u00e9sser hum\u00e0, els quals argumentaran que <\/span><b>\u201c<\/b><b><i>cap home no pot ser sotm\u00e8s a la voluntat arbitr\u00e0ria d&#8217;un altre home, ni pot ser obligat a obeir lleis que un altre home no seguiria com ell<\/i><\/b><b>.\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Aquest pensament provocar\u00e0 una profunda crisi de la consci\u00e8ncia europea, la qual obrir\u00e0 el cam\u00ed cap a la invenci\u00f3 de la llibertat i la reclamaci\u00f3 de la igualtat social. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b><\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>El poder absolut i el mercantilisme<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Els te\u00f2rics del poder mon\u00e0rquic \u2014com Jean Bodin o Thomas Hobbes\u2014 justificaran l\u2019absolutisme com la forma m\u00e9s perfecta de govern i l&#8217;\u00fanica capa\u00e7 de gestionar la gran acumulaci\u00f3 de riqueses que s\u2019extreuen de les col\u00f2nies. L\u2019alt funcionariat \u2014designat pel mateix rei\u2014 desenvolupar\u00e0 <\/span><b>mecanismes cada vegada m\u00e9s efica\u00e7os per organitzar meticulosament les finances de l\u2019Estat,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at\u00e8s que els seus guanys no nom\u00e9s s\u2019aconseguiran per mitj\u00e0 de la introducci\u00f3 de gran quantitat d&#8217;or i de plata dins del sistema econ\u00f2mic, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 es maximitzaran <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">les exportacions i minimitzaran les importacions amb l\u2019ajuda d\u2019estrat\u00e8gics aranzels.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conven\u00e7uts que la riquesa del m\u00f3n era est\u00e0tica perqu\u00e8 nom\u00e9s calia agafar-la, intercanviar-la o robar-la, <\/span><b>les monarquies absolutistes perseguiran qualsevol intromissi\u00f3 o iniciativa privada que desestabilitzi el sistema del comer\u00e7 internacional<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, com per exemple la persecuci\u00f3 sistem\u00e0tica de la pirateria. En canvi, la multitud de conflictes b\u00e8l\u00b7lics entre les diferents monarquies europees \u2014al llarg del XVII i XVIII\u2014 seran vistos com un intercanvi necessari de riqueses, territoris o persones en qu\u00e8 totes hi sortiran guanyant o perdent, i d\u2019aquesta manera es mantindr\u00e0 el sistema econ\u00f2mic viu, el qual sempre haur\u00e0 de sumar zero.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les monarquies europees \u2014aclaparades per l\u2019abund\u00e0ncia\u2014 s\u2019oblidaran completament de la vida dels seus s\u00fabdits. Meravellades per la situaci\u00f3, seran incapaces d\u2019aplicar millores socials i econ\u00f2miques i <\/span><b>aviat toparan amb el greu problema de la pobresa col\u00b7lectiva dins les seves societats.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> I en un context d\u2019un incipient conflicte social \u2014com ser\u00e0 el de principis del segle XVIII\u2014, els economistes de l\u2019\u00e8poca, Colbert, Mun, Serra o Misselden, defensaran l\u2019aplicaci\u00f3 d\u2019una pol\u00edtica de salaris baixos com \u00fanica via per aconseguir la competitivitat en el comer\u00e7 internacional, seguit del pervers argument que \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">si la poblaci\u00f3 disposa de salaris superiors al nivell de subsist\u00e8ncia, aquests esdevindran els causants de la reducci\u00f3 en l&#8217;esfor\u00e7 laboral.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La riquesa extreta de les col\u00f2nies, no nom\u00e9s s\u2019acumular\u00e0 o es transformar\u00e0 en els recursos productius que l\u2019economia requereix, sin\u00f3 que sobretot s\u2019utilitzar\u00e0 per ser exhibida a trav\u00e9s de les arts \u2014arquitectura, pintura i escultura\u2014, les ci\u00e8ncies i la cultura. I tot plegat desembocar\u00e0 en una paradoxa quan les principals monarquies absolutistes \u2014francesa, austr\u00edaca, russa o castellana\u2014 seran capaces de viure dins dels seus fastuosos palaus, en la m\u00e9s exquisida i refinada opul\u00e8ncia, sense importar-los l\u2019escassetat de recursos amb els quals vivien la majoria dels seus s\u00fabdits. Tanmateix<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">questa din\u00e0mica estructural s\u2019esmicolar\u00e0 amb la irrupci\u00f3 del<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> racionalisme il\u00b7lustrat dins del pensament europeu, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que contribuir\u00e0 al trencament definitiu de l\u2019<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">statu quo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de segles d\u2019excessos mon\u00e0rquics. <\/span><b>El despotisme il\u00b7lustrat li <\/b><b>atribuir\u00e0 al monarca la missi\u00f3 de portar el progr\u00e9s econ\u00f2mic i el benestar social a tots els seus s\u00fabdits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, cosa que produir\u00e0 infinitud de conflictes socials.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I en aquest punt, no totes les monarquies europees abordaran el problema de redistribuir la riquesa de la mateixa manera.<\/span><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component quote\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"quote__content col col-lg-8 offset-lg-2\">\n        <div class=\"quote__content__img\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ORIOLGARCIAFARRE-768x768.png\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"quote__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"row\">\n            <div class=\"col col-lg-10 offset-lg-1\">\n              <blockquote>\n                <p><b>\u00a0\u201cLes principals monarquies absolutistes seran capaces de viure dins dels seus fastuosos palaus, en la m\u00e9s exquisida i refinada opul\u00e8ncia, sense importar-los l\u2019escassetat de recursos amb els quals vivien la majoria dels seus s\u00fabdits.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n                <span class=\"quote__content__author\">Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, historiador i agent 11Onze<\/span>\n              <\/blockquote>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>Dues solucions per a un mateix problema<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Una de les respostes la donar\u00e0 la Corona de Castella a trav\u00e9s de les seves pol\u00edtiques econ\u00f2miques, les quals encara li permetran ostentar una relativa predominan\u00e7a internacional. Malgrat tot, l\u2019extracci\u00f3 massiva de metalls preciosos del \u201cNou M\u00f3n\u201d \u2014que li havia perm\u00e8s obcecar-se amb la seva particular idea d\u2019universalitzaci\u00f3 cultural\u2014 li havia provocat una miopia i una nul\u00b7la adaptabilitat als moviments canviants de l\u2019economia. Per tant, davant el repte de redistribuir la prosperitat entre els seus s\u00fabdits, es trobar\u00e0 atrapada entre un deute gegant\u00ed i <\/span><b>una societat poc din\u00e0mica que dependr\u00e0 majorit\u00e0riament de les decisions reials i dels recursos que arriben de les col\u00f2nies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Tot plegat posar\u00e0 de manifest l\u2019exist\u00e8ncia d\u2019una pir\u00e0mide social parasit\u00e0ria que provocar\u00e0 que un sol camperol \u2014condicionat pel sistema de censos i de furs\u2014 estigui obligat a alimentar a trenta no-productors.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per tant, l\u2019estrat\u00e8gia que seguir\u00e0 la Corona de Castella \u2014a trav\u00e9s dels \u2018<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">validos\u2019<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> del rei, els famosos duc de Lerma, el comte-duc d\u2019Olivares o el pare Nithard\u2014 ser\u00e0 la d\u2019exercir <\/span><b>una forta pressi\u00f3 fiscal mitjan\u00e7ant l\u2019increment o creaci\u00f3 de nous impostos <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sobre les fr\u00e0gils economies camperoles, o sobre les classes urbanes per mitj\u00e0 de constants pujades de preus i baixades de salaris. Aquest programa econ\u00f2mic buscar\u00e0 obtenir els m\u00e0xims recursos per a continuar sustentant la idea d\u2019Imperi, at\u00e8s que fins aleshores els havia perm\u00e8s gaudir d\u2019una balan\u00e7a comercial positiva. En contraposici\u00f3, se situaran la noblesa i el clergat, els quals quedaran totalment exemptes de totes aquestes c\u00e0rregues fiscals, a part de permetre&#8217;ls incrementar el cobrament de les seves rentes. Al capdavall, tot desembocar\u00e0 en un important empobriment de la societat castellana, amb conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies tan desastroses sobre la natalitat i el despoblament de grans territoris de la Meseta, i que no es recuperar\u00e0 totalment fins a principis del segle XX. I per reblar el clau, la societat ser\u00e0 segrestada pel Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisici\u00f3n, la qual vetllar\u00e0 \u2014a trav\u00e9s de la censura, la crema de llibres \u201cprohibits\u201d i un integrisme misogin\u2014 perqu\u00e8 no germini cap pensament cr\u00edtic que defugi de la l\u00ednia oficialista.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per altra banda, trobem la resposta dels territoris del nord d\u2019Europa \u2014com s\u00f3n la Corona anglesa i les disset Prov\u00edncies Unides\u2014 la qual suposar\u00e0 introduir amb fermesa les idees il\u00b7lustrades dins la societat, la pol\u00edtica i l\u2019economia. Mentre Anglaterra acabar\u00e0 constituint-se en una monarquia parlament\u00e0ria, a trav\u00e9s d\u2019un proc\u00e9s pol\u00edtic que limitar\u00e0 el poder del monarca i la separaci\u00f3 de poders, la uni\u00f3 militar d&#8217;Utrecht \u2014constitu\u00efda per les disset Prov\u00edncies Unides\u2014 combatr\u00e0 en\u00e8rgicament fins a la Pau de M\u00fcnster l\u2019ocupaci\u00f3 de la Corona de Castella per esdevenir la rep\u00fablica de les Prov\u00edncies Unides del Nord. Ambd\u00f3s territoris adoptaran una nova mirada sobre el comer\u00e7 que provocar\u00e0 <\/span><b>la<\/b> <b>mutaci\u00f3 del sistema econ\u00f2mic i adoptar\u00e0 una l\u00f2gica de lliure mercat sense restriccions ni proteccions estatals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. La generaci\u00f3 de riquesa ja no es far\u00e0 a trav\u00e9s de la sang, sin\u00f3 que ser\u00e0 per mitj\u00e0 de l\u2019habilitat que tingui l\u2019individu en l\u2019acumulaci\u00f3 de capitals cosa que far\u00e0 apar\u00e8ixer la plusv\u00e0lua, origen de la nova conflictivitat. I en aquest nou paradigma econ\u00f2mic, l\u2019Estat ja no hi tindr\u00e0 cabuda at\u00e8s que els elements b\u00e0sics i irreductibles que impulsaran aquesta nova mentalitat ser\u00e0 \u2014tant per empreses com per individus\u2014 sota l\u2019imperatiu econ\u00f2mic de maximitzar els guanys i minimitzar les p\u00e8rdues.<\/span><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component quote\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"quote__content col col-lg-8 offset-lg-2\">\n        <div class=\"quote__content__img\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ORIOLGARCIAFARRE-768x768.png\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"quote__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"row\">\n            <div class=\"col col-lg-10 offset-lg-1\">\n              <blockquote>\n                <p><b>\u201cEn contraposici\u00f3, se situaran la noblesa i el clergat, els quals quedaran totalment exemptes de totes aquestes c\u00e0rregues fiscals, a part de permetre&#8217;ls incrementar el cobrament de les seves rentes.\u201d <\/b><\/p>\n\n                <span class=\"quote__content__author\">Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, historiador i agent 11Onze<\/span>\n              <\/blockquote>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>Canvi de paradigma econ\u00f2mic<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La universalitat cultural que havia imperat fins aleshores ser\u00e0 substitu\u00efda per nous raonaments basats en \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">si es pot demostrar que el rendiment econ\u00f2mic que tota la producci\u00f3 industrial del m\u00f3n ha d\u2019estar concentrada a Madagascar o a les illes Fiji o que tota la poblaci\u00f3 d\u2019\u00c0frica negra s\u2019ha de traslladar al Nou M\u00f3n per a treballar en les plantacions de cot\u00f3 o de la canya de sucre, no existeix cap argument econ\u00f2mic que pugui aturar aquestes iniciatives.\u201d<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> I d\u2019aquesta manera,<\/span><b> el capitalisme imposar\u00e0 una globalitzaci\u00f3 cada vegada m\u00e9s extensa i arribar\u00e0 a regions cada vegada m\u00e9s remotes,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> les quals seran transformades de manera m\u00e9s profunda.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El m\u00f3n es dividir\u00e0 en parcel\u00b7les productives seguint criteris globals com <\/span><b>\u201c<\/b><b><i>no t\u00e9 cap sentit produir pl\u00e0tans a Noruega perqu\u00e8 la seva producci\u00f3 \u00e9s molt m\u00e9s barata a Hondures<\/i><\/b><b>\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Per tant, quan els terratinents argentins nom\u00e9s produeixin carn o els grangers australians nom\u00e9s esdevinguin experts productors de llana, ser\u00e0 el moment en qu\u00e8 hauran abandonat la seva pr\u00f2pia producci\u00f3 agr\u00edcola, ja que els resultar\u00e0 m\u00e9s benefici\u00f3s comprar les produccions cereals per l\u2019autoconsum a l\u2019exterior. D\u2019aquesta manera, aquestes transaccions els permetr\u00e0 especular i treure m\u00e9s rendiment econ\u00f2mic a les seves inversions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I en aquest sentit, tant Anglaterra com Holanda esdevindran els \u00fanics exportadors de capitals i serveis financers a les col\u00f2nies americanes o asi\u00e0tiques amb la finalitat de desestabilitzar els antics imperis \u2014Castella i Portugal\u2014 i d\u2019aquesta manera assegurar-se les mat\u00e8ries primeres per a la incipient revoluci\u00f3 industrial. <\/span><b>Les borses de Londres o Anvers \u2014fundades a finals del XVII\u2014 esdevindran les capitals comercials de la nova economia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que es basar\u00e0 sobre les expectatives d\u2019un dinamisme especulatiu, les quals seran participades principalment pels descendents d\u2019aquells jueus sefardites expulsats per la Monarquia Hisp\u00e0nica a finals dels XV. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Des del principi, tant Anglaterra com Holanda van tenir la certesa que per desenvolupar el nou paradigma econ\u00f2mic calia <\/span><b>engegar un proc\u00e9s de concentraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;activitat econ\u00f2mica per mitj\u00e0 de la urbanitzaci\u00f3 de les zones costaneres<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, cosa que els possibilit\u00e0 l\u2019impuls de la construcci\u00f3 naval i el desenvolupament de manufactures properes als ports. Aix\u00f2 els va permetre convertir els seus litorals en espais econ\u00f2micament molt din\u00e0mics i potents. Un fet similar succeir\u00e0 a la costa peninsular mediterr\u00e0nia, la qual passar\u00e0 a ser un dels territoris amb un creixement econ\u00f2mic similar al dels territoris del nord d\u2019Europa. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ser\u00e0 aleshores quan Catalunya adquirir\u00e0 la cohesi\u00f3 territorial sobre les bases d&#8217;un sistema urb\u00e0 estretament entrella\u00e7at amb Barcelona \u2014com a centre comercial i pol\u00edtic\u2014 alhora que es desenvolupar\u00e0 la ind\u00fastria pels pobles propers \u2014Sants i Sant Mart\u00ed de Proven\u00e7als\u2014 i l&#8217;activitat mercantil es reorientar\u00e0 cap a l&#8217;Atl\u00e0ntic i l&#8217;interior peninsular.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>11Onze \u00e9s la fintech comunit\u00e0ria de Catalunya. Obre un compte descarregant la super app El Canut per <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.e11onze.app&amp;utm_source=emailing&amp;utm_campaign=CANUT+launch\"><b>Android<\/b><\/a><b> o <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/11onze\/id1566129237?utm_campaign=El+Canut\"><b>iOS<\/b><\/a><b>. Uneix-te a la revoluci\u00f3!<\/b><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component cards\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col col-xl-8 offset-xl-2\">\n        <h1>Si t&#8217;ha agradat aquest article, et recomanem:<\/h1>\n        <div class=\"cards__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"card\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/magazine\/fonaments-sistema-extractiu\/\" class=\"card-link\" target=\"_self\"><\/a>\n            <div class=\"card-img\">\n              <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/THUMBNAIL_SISTEMA_EXTRACTIU.jpg\" class=\"card-img-top\" alt=\"\">\n                <span class=\"card-category\">Cultura<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card-body\">\n              <p class=\"card-title p2\"><strong>Els fonaments del sistema extractiu<\/strong><\/p>\n              <span class=\"card-time\">8 min read<\/span>\n       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