{"id":43257,"date":"2026-05-03T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-03T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/?p=43257"},"modified":"2026-04-27T16:59:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T14:59:11","slug":"development-extractive-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/development-extractive-system\/","title":{"rendered":"The development of the extractive system"},"content":{"rendered":"
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L\u2019arc cronol\u00f2gic que va des del Tractat de Tordesillas fins a la declaraci\u00f3 d\u2019independ\u00e8ncia dels Estats Unitats d\u2019Am\u00e8rica suposa el primer proc\u00e9s \u2014a escala mundial\u2014 del repartiment i explotaci\u00f3 de tot el m\u00f3n, per part de les monarquies europees. Durant aquest per\u00edode, es passar\u00e0 dels suculents ingressos produ\u00efts pels botins de guerra o pels saquejos indiscriminats de les poblacions aut\u00f2ctones a una borratxera d’or i de plata \u2014sense precedents\u2014 introdu\u00efda dins l\u2019economia europea. Per aquest motiu, <\/b>la construcci\u00f3 dels primers imperis colonials <\/b>es basaran en una economia mercantil que els permetr\u00e0 estar a l’altura de les expectatives.<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Des de l\u2019inici, <\/span>les monarquies europees tingueren la convicci\u00f3 que tots els territoris del m\u00f3n els pertanyien per dret de conquesta<\/b>. D\u2019aquesta manera, la cartografia els va permetre anar ampliant i posseint la propietat d\u2019una terra, sobre la qual es van autolegitimar com a possessors per imposar \u2014no sempre a trav\u00e9s de la for\u00e7a\u2014 el seu model de civilitzaci\u00f3 per sobre les societats nadiues.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aquest proc\u00e9s de supremacia cultural <\/span>es fonament\u00e0 sobre la certesa religiosa de q\u00fcestionar la veritable naturalesa humana dels nadius.<\/b> I la ferma creen\u00e7a en aquest raonament motivar\u00e0 les monarquies europees a projectar una geografia de grans espais per a cristianitzar. La cobd\u00edcia dels nouvinguts donar\u00e0 lloc a nombrosos abusos i genocidis, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 suposar\u00e0 una cat\u00e0strofe demogr\u00e0fica sense precedents en quant els territoris del nou m\u00f3n veuran redu\u00efda a un 80% de la seva poblaci\u00f3 nadiua.<\/span><\/p>\n

El progressiu desenvolupament de les t\u00e8cniques mar\u00edtimes \u2014com ara, la millora de la br\u00faixola, la construcci\u00f3 de les caravel\u00b7les o l\u2019actualitzaci\u00f3 dels mapamundis\u2014 permetr\u00e0 als europeus ser capa\u00e7os de navegar per tots els mars i oceans que configuren el planeta en pocs anys. Aquesta gesta tindr\u00e0 com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia la divisi\u00f3 del m\u00f3n en dues meitats, dues l\u00ednies geogr\u00e0fiques que, tra\u00e7ades entre els dos pols, els atorgar\u00e0<\/span> la potestat rubricada per l\u2019autoritat papal a repartir-se el m\u00f3n per zones de navegaci\u00f3, de pesca i de conquesta<\/b>. La primera l\u00ednia se situar\u00e0 a 370 lleg\u00fces a l\u2019oest de les Illes del Cap Verd, mentre que la segona es fixar\u00e0 a 297,5 lleg\u00fces a l\u2019est de les illes Moluques.<\/span><\/p>\n

El descobriment d’importants jaciments de metalls preciosos a Am\u00e8rica \u2014entre M\u00e8xic i el Per\u00fa\u2014 o l\u2019arribada a les illes de les esp\u00e8cies del sud-est asi\u00e0tic, propici\u00e0 la fundaci\u00f3 o refundaci\u00f3 d\u2019importants ciutats americanes, africanes o asi\u00e0tiques, les quals adquiriran un altre rol territorial a fi d\u2019assegurar importants fluxos de riquesa vers Europa regularment. D\u2019aquesta manera, <\/span>les monarquies europees comen\u00e7aren a controlar tot el comer\u00e7 que passar\u00e0 pels seus territoris<\/b>, amb la voluntat de protegir els seus guanys econ\u00f2mics.<\/span><\/p>\n

Des de principis del segle XVI fins a mitjan segle XVIII, els primers imperis colonials mantindran un estricte monopoli mercantilista amb les seves col\u00f2nies, i <\/span>es prohibir\u00e0 comerciar amb persones o empreses que no siguin s\u00fabdits o afins a la Corona<\/b>. Castella, per exemple, considerar\u00e0 els anglesos, holandesos o francesos, no pas com a competidors sin\u00f3 com enemics, causants de pr\u00e0ctiques cors\u00e0ries i instigadors d\u2019actes de pirateria.<\/span><\/p>\n

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El sistema mercantilista colonial<\/b><\/h3>\n

El comer\u00e7 amb les col\u00f2nies es fonamentar\u00e0 sota la premissa que els colons hauran de vendre les seves mat\u00e8ries primeres \u2014a baix cost i amb alts impostos\u2014 exclusivament a empreses designades per la Corona. Alhora, els colons nom\u00e9s podran comprar els productes de consum manufacturats per aquest selecte grup d\u2019empresaris. D\u2019aquesta manera, <\/span>les monarquies afavoriran l\u2019enriquiment il\u00b7limitat d\u2019empreses i individus propers a l\u2019Estat<\/b>, at\u00e8s que se\u2019ls anul\u00b7lar\u00e0 la compet\u00e8ncia. Aquest sistema mercantilista crear\u00e0 necessitats in\u00fatils per als nadius i buscar\u00e0 el manteniment perpetu del subdesenvolupament de les col\u00f2nies \u2014tant americanes, africanes com asi\u00e0tiques\u2014 amb el prop\u00f2sit d\u2019anul\u00b7lar possibles competidors directes amb la metr\u00f2polis.<\/span><\/p>\n

I per reblar el clau, l\u2019alt funcionariat proper al consell del rei tamb\u00e9 hi jugar\u00e0 un paper molt destacat en aquest innovador sistema econ\u00f2mic, ja que disposava de la capacitat d\u2019agilitzar o endarrerir tr\u00e0mits burocr\u00e0tics per afavorir uns o altres. Per tant, <\/span>ser\u00e0 inevitable l\u2019aparici\u00f3 d\u2019un comer\u00e7 il\u00b7l\u00edcit i paral\u00b7lel entre col\u00f2nies<\/b> i propiciar\u00e0 que molts empresaris, tant grans com petits, cerquin la manera de burlar-se dels controls burocr\u00e0tics imposats per la mateixa Corona.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Actuant com a nou-rics, els primers imperis colonials \u2014principalment Castella\u2014 <\/span>gastaran una quantitat indecent de recursos econ\u00f2mics per a construir el seu concepte de civilitzaci\u00f3<\/b>. Aquesta obsessi\u00f3 \u2014de vegades incontrolada\u2014 els portar\u00e0 a embarcar-se en infinitat de conflictes de tota mena, com ara: disputes teol\u00f2giques, conflictes familiars, afers comercials o fastuoses construccions megal\u00f2manes. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cAquest sistema mercantilista crear\u00e0 necessitats in\u00fatils per als nadius i buscar\u00e0 el manteniment perpetu del subdesenvolupament de les col\u00f2nies \u2014tant americanes, africanes com asi\u00e0tiques\u2014 amb el prop\u00f2sit d\u2019anul\u00b7lar possibles competidors directes amb la metr\u00f2polis.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, historiador i agent 11Onze<\/span>\n <\/blockquote>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>

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Finan\u00e7ant l\u2019imperi amb metalls preciosos<\/b><\/h3>\n

Coincidint amb el moment de major extracci\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica de les col\u00f2nies americanes \u2014entre finals XVI i principis del XVII\u2014 <\/span>Castella destinar\u00e0 m\u00e9s de 7 milions de ducats al manteniment de la seva flota al Mediterrani durant la famosa batalla de Lepant.<\/b> En uns set anys aproximadament, es gastar\u00e0 la barbaritat d\u201911,7 milions de ducats per a finan\u00e7ar les innumerables campanyes de Flandes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Per commemorar la vict\u00f2ria a la batalla de Saint-Quentin contra les tropes franceses, es destinaran prop m\u00e9s de 6,5 milions de ducats per a construir el fastu\u00f3s Reial Monestir de Sant Lloren\u00e7 de l’Escorial. Gr\u00e0cies a la construcci\u00f3 i posada en marxa de la Grande y Felic\u00edsima Armada<\/i>, la conegud\u00edssima Armada invencible pels seus adversaris, enviaran 9 milions de ducats directament al fons del mar.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0I com no podia ser d\u2019una altra manera, aquesta civilitzaci\u00f3 cat\u00f2lica i universal necessitar\u00e0 la construcci\u00f3 d\u2019una nova capital a la riba del riu Manzanares. Per al lector que tingui curiositat per la conversi\u00f3, el ducat del segle XVI i de comen\u00e7aments del segle XVII tindria actualment una equival\u00e8ncia d\u2019uns 167,1 euros. Cert, les xifres s\u00f3n\u2026 esfere\u00efdores!<\/span><\/p>\n

Per tant, entre el 1500 i el 1650, la monarquia castellana \u2014i per proximitat, la resta de monarquies europees\u2014 viur\u00e0 dins d\u2019una veritable bombolla econ\u00f2mica generada per l\u2019entrada massiva dels metalls preciosos. Els darrers estudis estimen que <\/span>la Corona castellana hauria extret de les col\u00f2nies americanes unes 17.000 tones de plata i unes 70 tones d\u2019or<\/b>. Aquesta borratxera de metalls conduir\u00e0 a l\u2019Estat a tenir una visi\u00f3 tergiversada de l\u2019economia real.<\/span><\/p>\n

La paradoxa es produir\u00e0 quan, malgrat la ingent entrada d\u2019or i de plata i el cobrament d\u2019impostos elevats, no arribaran a cobrir totes les despeses produ\u00efdes per l\u2019Estat. Tinguem present que <\/span>la Corona castellana nom\u00e9s utilitzar\u00e0 aquesta extraordin\u00e0ria riquesa per a finan\u00e7ar tots els deliris de grandesa de les elits castellanes<\/b>, que en la majoria de les vegades topar\u00e0 directament amb les necessitats reals de la poblaci\u00f3. Per aquest motiu, quan les oligarquies d\u2019un pa\u00eds estan m\u00e9s interessades a treballar per la fastuositat que no pas per les possibilitats reals que ofereix la reinversi\u00f3 de capitals, tot plegat condueix a la destrucci\u00f3 del propi teixit productiu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Endeutament de la Corona castellana<\/b><\/h3>\n

A mitjan segle XVII, la Corona castellana arribar\u00e0 a tenir un deute econ\u00f2mic de m\u00e9s de 100 milions de ducats. Aquest deute gegant\u00ed els obligar\u00e0 a declarar successives suspensions de pagaments. Per a tapar aquest forat,<\/span> la Corona es veur\u00e0 obligada a emetre gran quantitat de deute p\u00fablic que anir\u00e0 a parar a mans dels principals bancs europeus<\/b>, com ara la banca alemanya \u2014els Fugger o els Welser\u2014 i la banca genovesa dels Sp\u00ednola, Centurione, Balbi, Strata i, sobretot, Gio Luca Pallavicino. La Corona pagar\u00e0 els Welser a trav\u00e9s de la concessi\u00f3 de l’explotaci\u00f3 de les mines de M\u00e8xic i el dret de conquesta sobre extensos territoris a les actuals Vene\u00e7uela i Col\u00f2mbia. Per la seva banda, els Fugger aconseguiran totes les concessions comercials sobre els territoris de Xile i el Per\u00fa. Actualment, s\u00f3n unes de les fam\u00edlies m\u00e9s poderoses del continent. I, tots els luxosos palaus de l\u2019strada nuova<\/i> de G\u00e8nova, art\u00e8ria del luxe de la ciutat, encara avui constitueixen la concentraci\u00f3 m\u00e9s gran de resid\u00e8ncies aristocr\u00e0tiques de tota Europa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Davant les successives crisis financeres que la Corona castellana comen\u00e7ar\u00e0 a patir, <\/span>molts empresaris europeus residents a les col\u00f2nies americanes preferiran no embarcar els seus metalls preciosos cap als ports castellans<\/b> \u2014monopoli concedit a Cadis i Sevilla\u2014 per por a les massives confiscacions decretades per la Corona. Per aix\u00f2, buscaran invertir els seus actius en altres sectors emergents de l\u2019economia colonial de finals del segle XVII, com seran l\u2019agricultura, la ramaderia i la producci\u00f3 de manufactures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Per tant, <\/span>la Corona castellana es veur\u00e0 obligada a cercar noves fonts regulars d\u2019ingressos<\/b>. Per aquest motiu, posar\u00e0 en marxa l\u2019ambici\u00f3s pla del ministre del rei \u2014el comte duc d\u2019Olivares\u2014 conegut com la Uni\u00f3n de Armas, el qual pretendr\u00e0 que cada regne que formi part de la Monarquia Hisp\u00e0nica \u2014o sigui, principalment Portugal i la Corona d\u2019Arag\u00f3\u2014 aportin un nombre determinat de diners i soldats. <\/span><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cA mitjan segle XVII, la Corona castellana arribar\u00e0 a tenir un deute econ\u00f2mic de m\u00e9s de 100 milions de ducats. Aquest deute gegant\u00ed els obligar\u00e0 a declarar successives suspensions de pagaments.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, historiador i agent 11Onze<\/span>\n <\/blockquote>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>

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Flexibilitzant el monopoli comercial<\/b><\/h3>\n

Portugal, que formava part de la Monarquia Hisp\u00e0nica des de finals del segle XVI, es negar\u00e0 a concedir qualsevol aportaci\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica de m\u00e9s, donat que Castella explota les seves col\u00f2nies, la qual cosa acabar\u00e0 amb un conflicte b\u00e8l\u00b7lic que durar\u00e0 m\u00e9s de 28 anys. Finalment, <\/span>amb el suport econ\u00f2mic d\u2019Anglaterra i Holanda, Portugal aconseguir\u00e0 deslligar-se del control dels \u00c0ustries<\/b>, per\u00f2 el preu que haur\u00e0 de pagar comportar\u00e0 la cessi\u00f3 d\u2019importants territoris del Brasil i el canvi de titularitat sobre les col\u00f2nies de Ceilan \u2014actual Sri Lanka\u2014, Ciutat del Cap, Goa, Bombai, Macau i Nagasaki, entre d\u2019altres.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pel que fa a la Corona d\u2019Arag\u00f3, l\u2019oligarquia castellana no calibrar\u00e0 la situaci\u00f3 correctament quan accepti que el rei Felip IV juri les constitucions catalanes, condici\u00f3 sine qua non per obtenir els fons desitjats. <\/span>La ignor\u00e0ncia sobre les lleis que regulaven les funcions del rei dins dels territoris catalans ser\u00e0 el focus d\u2019importants discussions institucionals<\/b>, puix el rei \u2014dins del Principat\u2014 estava obligat per llei a donar explicacions sobre la utilitzaci\u00f3 dels recursos concedits. Per la seva banda, els catalans estaven m\u00e9s interessats a aprovar les seves propostes de noves constitucions catalanes i que s’atenguessin els greuges, que no pas a participar en guerres absurdes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Per\u00f2 a la g\u00e8nesi del debat institucional \u2014entre Castella i el Principat\u2014 hi trobem un problema molt m\u00e9s profund. Si des de finals del segle XVI, <\/span>Castella havia transitat cap a un sistema pol\u00edtic de car\u00e0cter absolutista<\/b>, on el poder nom\u00e9s resideix en una sola persona, la qual decideix sense haver de rendir comptes a cap parlament, al Principat passava el contrari, on les Corts Generals de Catalunya havien esdevingut l\u2019\u00f2rgan legislatiu que representava tots els estaments de la societat, incl\u00f2s el rei.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019entrada constant de metalls preciosos dins l\u2019economia castellana es mantindr\u00e0 estable fins a mitjan segle XVIII, per\u00f2 nom\u00e9s un percentatge molt \u00ednfim restar\u00e0 dins del sistema econ\u00f2mic castell\u00e0, at\u00e8s que la resta continuar\u00e0 utilitzant-se per a eixugar el monstru\u00f3s deute de l\u2019Estat. La historiografia estima que<\/span> fins a l\u2019any 1820, l\u2019Estat espanyol no es recuperar\u00e0 d\u2019aquesta grandiosa despesa <\/b>i ser\u00e0 \u2014en gran part\u2014 pel fet d\u2019haver-se annexionat l\u2019economia productiva de tota la franja mediterr\u00e0nia peninsular a principis del segle XVIII.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

El sistema de privilegis i monopolis desenvolupats per la pol\u00edtica comercial borb\u00f2nica continuar\u00e0 fent aig\u00fces i es veur\u00e0 en la necessitat d\u2019introduir nous agents per a garantir la viabilitat del comer\u00e7 amb Am\u00e8rica. Per tant, amb <\/span>el Reial decret de Lliure Comer\u00e7 del 2 de febrer de 1778 trencar\u00e0 definitivament el monopoli de Cadis i Sevilla i afavorir\u00e0 el comer\u00e7 directe de Catalunya amb Am\u00e8rica,<\/b> que aportar\u00e0 una nova manera de fer. Actualment, i curiosament, el 34% del PIB de l\u2019Estat espanyol el continua aportant l\u2019economia productiva de tota la franja mediterr\u00e0nia peninsular. Doncs, res \u00e9s casual\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

11Onze \u00e9s la fintech comunit\u00e0ria de Catalunya. Obre un compte descarregant la super app El Canut per <\/b>Android<\/b><\/a> o <\/b>iOS<\/b><\/a>. Uneix-te a la revoluci\u00f3!<\/b><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":43251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[178],"class_list":["post-43257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-cultue"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe development of the extractive system - 11Onze<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this second installment of the origins of the extractive system, historian Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9 explains the mercantile economy.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/development-extractive-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The development of the extractive system - 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