{"id":40712,"date":"2025-04-13T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-13T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/?p=40712"},"modified":"2025-04-13T20:01:08","modified_gmt":"2025-04-13T18:01:08","slug":"11-moments-hysteria-financial-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/11-moments-hysteria-financial-history\/","title":{"rendered":"11 moments of hysteria in financial history"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La confian\u00e7a \u00e9s l’ingredient fonamental de l’economia moderna. Sense ella, els mercats tendeixen a desplomar-se com un castell de naips. Des d\u201911Onze, repassem 11 moments de la hist\u00f2ria en qu\u00e8 la hist\u00e8ria s’ha apoderat dels inversors i l’economia ha pagat les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies.<\/b><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ja en l’Edat Antiga es poden trobar els primers cap\u00edtols de p\u00e0nic financer. Tot i aix\u00f2, ha estat amb el desenvolupament del capitalisme i els sistemes financers moderns quan s’han multiplicat els episodis d’hist\u00e8ria col\u00b7lectiva, ja que <\/span>la confian\u00e7a ha guanyat pes com la pedra angular de tot l’entramat econ\u00f2mic<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

La realitat de l’economia productiva no canvia radicalment d’un dia per a un altre. No es poden construir ni destruir moltes f\u00e0briques en un breu espai de temps, per\u00f2<\/span> un succ\u00e9s puntual pot alterar completament la percepci\u00f3 dels inversors i desencadenar una crisi <\/b>de grans proporcions.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mentre tothom vol comprar, els preus no deixen de pujar i l’economia sembla gaudir d’una salut de ferro, per\u00f2 quan, per alguna ra\u00f3, s’imposa la febre venedora, <\/span>l’efecte bola de neu pot arrasar qualsevol estructura econ\u00f2mica<\/b>. Aqu\u00ed tens alguns dels moments m\u00e9s paradigm\u00e0tics de p\u00e0nic financer dels \u00faltims segles.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Febre de les tulipes<\/b><\/h3>\n

Les tulipes es van fer molt populars als Pa\u00efsos Baixos entre finals del segle XVI i principis del XVII. Com s\u00f3n flors de temporada, es va crear un mercat de futurs i l’especulaci\u00f3 va fer que els preus es disparessin entre 1636 i 1637, en la considerada com a primera bombolla econ\u00f2mica de la hist\u00f2ria capitalista. Al final la bombolla va esclatar, va provocar la ru\u00efna de molts inversors i gaireb\u00e9 va provocar el col\u00b7lapse de l’economia holandesa. En el segle seg\u00fcent el fenomen de les bombolles es va reproduir al Regne Unit amb la Companyia de les Mars del Sud i a Fran\u00e7a amb la Companyia del Mississip\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Crisi de cr\u00e8dit de 1772<\/b><\/h3>\n

L’optimisme per la marxa de l’Imperi Brit\u00e0nic va provocar una r\u00e0pida expansi\u00f3 del cr\u00e8dit al Regne Unit. L’euf\u00f2ria va arribar a un abrupte final el 8 de juny de 1772, quan un banc es va enfonsar a causa de les p\u00e8rdues en les seves inversions i un dels seus socis va fugir a Fran\u00e7a. La not\u00edcia es va difondre r\u00e0pidament i va desencadenar el p\u00e0nic bancari a Anglaterra, amb llargues cues als bancs per exigir la retirada dels seus diners. La crisi es va estendre r\u00e0pidament a altres parts d’Europa i les col\u00f2nies brit\u00e0niques d\u2019Am\u00e8rica. Les posteriors dificultats per les quals va travessar la Companyia de les \u00cdndies Orientals a causa de l’escassetat d’efectiu va portar al govern brit\u00e0nic a aprovar l\u2019any seg\u00fcent una llei que li concedia el monopoli de la venda de te a Am\u00e8rica del Nord. Les protestes acabarien per provocar la independ\u00e8ncia dels Estats Units.<\/span><\/p>\n

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P\u00e0nic de 1873<\/b><\/h3>\n

Va ser el causant de la primera “Gran Depressi\u00f3”, una denominaci\u00f3 que despr\u00e9s es va associar a la crisi dels anys trenta del segle XX als Estats Units. A Europa, al col\u00b7lapse de la Borsa de Viena li van seguir les fallides de diversos bancs a \u00c0ustria i Alemanya. Als Estats Units, l’enfonsament de diverses entitats banc\u00e0ries va provocar que la Borsa de Nova York interromp\u00e9s les seves operacions per primera vegada en la seva hist\u00f2ria. Diversos pa\u00efsos a un costat i un altre de l’Atl\u00e0ntic van patir un prolongat estancament econ\u00f2mic. La desmonetizaci\u00f3 de la plata a Alemanya i als Estats Units, l’augment de les inversions especulatives, la inflaci\u00f3 i la Guerra Franco-Prussiana van ser algunes de les causes del desastre.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Recessi\u00f3 de 1914<\/b><\/h3>\n

A mesura que la Primera Guerra Mundial semblava cada vegada m\u00e9s inevitable, l’afany venedor en els mercats globals va anar augmentant. Al final, es va desencadenar el p\u00e0nic entre els inversors, que tractaven de desfer-se d’accions i bons per acumular or. El mercat borsari dels Estats Units i la Borsa de Londres van haver de tancar el 31 de juliol i no van reobrir fins a diversos mesos despr\u00e9s. La crisi es va contagiar a desenes de pa\u00efsos i la majoria de borses del m\u00f3n tamb\u00e9 van haver de tancar en els seg\u00fcents dies i setmanes.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Crac de 1929<\/b><\/h3>\n

Els bojos anys vint van portar al crac de Wall Street l\u2019any 1929 i la Gran Depressi\u00f3 que va venir a continuaci\u00f3. La bonan\u00e7a econ\u00f2mica havia estimulat l’especulaci\u00f3 en la borsa, moltes vegades gr\u00e0cies a pr\u00e9stecs que es concedien alegrement. Nom\u00e9s en les primeres setmanes d’octubre d’aquest any les cotitzacions bors\u00e0ries van arribar a pujar un 300%. Per\u00f2 el 24 d’octubre, en el que es coneix com el Dijous Negre, la Borsa de Nova York va patir la pitjor devallada de la seva hist\u00f2ria. Milers d’inversors ho van perdre tot de la nit al dia i el p\u00e0nic es va generalitzar. Al final, la crisi va travessar fronteres i va provocar una depressi\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica mundial. Nom\u00e9s als Estats Units uns 15 milions de persones es van quedar sense feina en els anys seg\u00fcents.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Crisi del petroli de 1973<\/b><\/h3>\n

L’enviament d’armes a Israel durant la Quarta Guerra \u00c0rab-Israeliana va provocar l’embargament de petroli als Estats Units i els seus aliats per part de l’Organitzaci\u00f3 de Pa\u00efsos Exportadors de Petroli (OPEP), integrada majorit\u00e0riament per pa\u00efsos \u00e0rabs. Aix\u00f2 va donar lloc a un per\u00edode d’estagflaci\u00f3 en les economies occidentals, caracteritzat per una elevada inflaci\u00f3 a causa del repunt dels preus del petroli i l’estancament econ\u00f2mic. Al Regne Unit es va arribar a racionar el subministrament el\u00e8ctric.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Dilluns Negre de 1987<\/b><\/h3>\n

Despr\u00e9s de cinc anys de febre alcista en les Borses, el 19 d’octubre de 1987 els mercats de valors de tot el m\u00f3n es van enfonsar en un breu espai de temps. La devallada es va iniciar a Hong Kong i la hist\u00e8ria financera es va propagar cap a l’oest a mesura que les Borses europees i nord-americanes anaven obrint. L’\u00edndex Dow Jones va perdre m\u00e9s d’un 22% en aquesta jornada. Les turbul\u00e8ncies dels seg\u00fcents dies van fer que els descensos en molts mercats borsaris superessin el 20% i a Nova Zelanda es va arribar al 60%.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Crisi asi\u00e0tica de 1997<\/b><\/h3>\n

La crisi es va iniciar a Tail\u00e0ndia i es va estendre r\u00e0pidament a altres pa\u00efsos com Indon\u00e8sia, Mal\u00e0isia, Singapur, Hong Kong i Corea del Sud. Els fluxos de capital especulatiu davant l’elevat creixement dels anomenats \u201ctigres asi\u00e0tics\u201d havia generat un exc\u00e9s de deute en les economies d’aquests pa\u00efsos. El fet que el govern tailand\u00e8s es vei\u00e9s obligat a abandonar el tipus de canvi fix enfront del d\u00f2lar nord-americ\u00e0 al juliol de 1997 va desencadenar una onada de p\u00e0nic en els mercats financers asi\u00e0tics i el retorn de milers de milions de d\u00f2lars d’inversi\u00f3 estrangera. El Fons Monetari Internacional va haver de sortir al rescat de les economies m\u00e9s afectades per evitar impagaments.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bombolla de les \u2018puntcom\u2019<\/b><\/h3>\n

Alg\u00fa es recorda de Terra? Va sortir a Borsa el 17 de novembre de 1999 i el primer dia es va revaloritzar un 184%. Despr\u00e9s de revaloritzar-se m\u00e9s d’un 1.000% en un trimestre a principis de l\u2019any 2000, el valor de les accions es va desplomar en la Setmana Santa d’aquell any. Tres anys despr\u00e9s, Telef\u00f3nica va acabar recomprant les accions a menys de la meitat del preu al qual van sortir inicialment. Va ser una de les nombroses empreses \u2018puntcom\u2019 que, amb l’eclosi\u00f3 d’Internet a finals dels noranta, van veure com se sobredimensionava el seu valor. Es calcula que nom\u00e9s en l’Estat espanyol entre 1999 i 2000 es van llan\u00e7ar m\u00e9s de mil empreses el model de negoci de les quals girava entorn d’Internet. Despr\u00e9s de l’esclat de la bombolla l’any 2000, molt poques \u2018puntcom\u2019 van acabar sobrevivint.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Crisi financera de 2008-2009<\/b><\/h3>\n

El 15 de setembre de 2008 Lehman Brothers, el quart banc d’inversi\u00f3 m\u00e9s gran del m\u00f3n, es va declarar en fallida. Va ser la constataci\u00f3 d’una situaci\u00f3 insostenible que va fer que els mercats immobiliari i financer es desplomessin, tamb\u00e9 al nostre pa\u00eds. Fins llavors, els bancs d\u2019Estats Units havien estat concedint pr\u00e9stecs a clients de dubtosa solv\u00e8ncia i els havien reempaquetat com a productes financers \u201csegurs\u201d que es venien a institucions financeres de tot el m\u00f3n. Mentrestant, aqu\u00ed viv\u00edem la nostra particular bombolla immobili\u00e0ria, que semblava no tenir sostre. La festa va acabar amb la crisi financera m\u00e9s greu des de la Gran Depressi\u00f3 i una factura milion\u00e0ria per als contribuents, que van haver de salvar al sector bancari.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Pand\u00e8mia de COVID-19<\/b><\/h3>\n

L’aparici\u00f3 de la COVID-19 va inocular la por en els mercats de tot el m\u00f3n en els primers mesos de 2020. El que inicialment semblava ser un problema estrictament xin\u00e8s, es va convertir en poques setmanes en un malson global, que inclo\u00efa dues crisis interdependents: una sanit\u00e0ria i una altra econ\u00f2mica. En menys d’un any van morir milions de persones i el PIB mundial va caure gaireb\u00e9 un 6%, segons les <\/span>dades<\/a> <\/span>del Banc Mundial.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tots aquests exemples ens mostren com <\/span>l’euf\u00f2ria o el p\u00e0nic poden condicionar la visi\u00f3 de la realitat econ\u00f2mica<\/b>. La hist\u00f2ria est\u00e0 plena de bombolles i cants de sirena que s’han d’evitar.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Si vols descobrir la millor opci\u00f3 per protegir els teus estalvis, entra a <\/b>Preciosos 11Onze<\/b><\/a>. T’ajudarem a comprar al millor preu el valor refugi per excel\u00b7l\u00e8ncia: l’or f\u00edsic.<\/b><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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