{"id":24846,"date":"2026-04-19T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-19T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/?p=24846"},"modified":"2026-04-13T08:38:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T06:38:07","slug":"history-crises-ancient-world-falls-1-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/en\/magazine\/history-crises-ancient-world-falls-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"History of crises: the ancient world falls (1\/2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>D\u2019en\u00e7\u00e0 que l\u2019\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 va deixar el nomadisme per constituir-se en societats sedent\u00e0ries, l\u2019aparici\u00f3 de l\u2019estratificaci\u00f3 social, basada en l\u2019acumulaci\u00f3 de riquesa, va esdevenir un fet. Des de llavors s\u2019han alternat per\u00edodes de bonan\u00e7a i de crisis. En aquesta primera part, repassem la hist\u00f2ria de les grans crisis dels segles XVII, XVIII i XIX.<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En el naixement del capitalisme incipient, les crisis van sorgir sobretot per l\u2019expansi\u00f3 dels mercats, els grans monopolis comercials, el consum de productes de moda i les males collites provocades per canvis mediambientals. Des de la crisi de les tulipes, fins a les companyies del mar del sud, passant per les guerres napole\u00f2niques, els problemes del deute, de la depreciaci\u00f3, de la inflaci\u00f3 i la conseg\u00fcent caiguda de r\u00e8gims pol\u00edtics emergien com ho fan avui dia. <\/span><b>Com s\u2019ho van fer aleshores? Com aquestes crisis van fer caure l\u2019antic r\u00e8gim? Les respostes que van trobar ens poden ajudar a comprendre el nostre aqu\u00ed i ara<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>1637: Per qu\u00e8 les tulipes costen tant?\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amb la Uni\u00f3 d\u2019Utrecht, les 17 Prov\u00edncies Unides es van conjurar per treballar plegades per deslligar-se de l\u2019ocupaci\u00f3 de la Corona de Castella. Aquesta lluita comuna els va permetre viure una pujan\u00e7a econ\u00f2mica i comercial que les va dur a un dels per\u00edodes m\u00e9s daurats de la seva hist\u00f2ria.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El proc\u00e9s de creixement econ\u00f2mic va fer eclosi\u00f3 a principis del segle XVII, quan ja constitu\u00efdes com a Rep\u00fablica Holandesa, van esdevenir la primera pot\u00e8ncia econ\u00f2mica mundial. <\/span><b>Era possible compaginar l\u2019\u00e8tica protestant i l\u2019esperit del capitalisme sorgit dels monopolis comercials de les mars del Jap\u00f3?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00ed, i el pintor neerland\u00e8s <\/span><b>Frans Hals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ho va retratar. L\u2019artista, considerat el gran retratista flamenc del segle XVII, <\/span><b>va pintar per a la posteritat infinitat de retrats per a les classes acomodades holandeses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, que tenien molt d\u2019inter\u00e8s a deixar const\u00e0ncia de la seva bona fortuna. Un clar exemple \u00e9s el seu conegut quadre \u2018<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retrat d\u2019una parella\u2019,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que mostra a un matrimoni agafant-se de la m\u00e0, s\u00edmbol de lleialtat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>En aquest context d\u2019exuber\u00e0ncia econ\u00f2mica, fou quan les tulipes van adquirir una rellev\u00e0ncia incomprensible<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, at\u00e8s que van convertir-se en l\u2019expressi\u00f3 de major ostentaci\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica que es podia mostrar en p\u00fablic. Perqu\u00e8 ens fem una idea, durant la d\u00e8cada dels anys 20, nom\u00e9s un bulb de tulipa es podia vendre f\u00e0cilment per 1.000 florins, mentre que el sou mitj\u00e0 anual d\u2019un holand\u00e8s era de 150 florins. \u00c9s a dir: un neerland\u00e8s mitj\u00e0 havia de treballar durant quasi deu anys per adquirir un bulb de tulipa ex\u00f2tic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aquest exotisme desmesurat va desembocar en una bogeria per la compra de tulipes a futur que duraria anys, <\/span><b>fins a arribar a provocar una crisi financera descomunal i la fallida total del sistema econ\u00f2mic holand\u00e8s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a partir del 6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de febrer de 1637. Aquesta bombolla de les tulipes que va petar potser ens recorda a la bombolla immobili\u00e0ria del 2008 i les male\u00efdes hipoteques \u2018subprime\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>1720: Qui t\u00e9 un amic, t\u00e9 un tresor<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Si t\u2019ofereixen l\u2019oportunitat d\u2019invertir en una empresa i t\u2019asseguren que et reportar\u00e0 molt\u00edssims beneficis, segurament t\u2019ho pensar\u00e0s. Despr\u00e9s, et far\u00e0s la seg\u00fcent pregunta: aquesta empresa exactament qu\u00e8 produeix per generar tants beneficis? <\/span><b>A l\u2019Anglaterra de principis del segle XVIII, molts inversors \u2014petits, grans i molt grans\u2014 aquesta pregunta la van obviar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. De fet, ni tan sols se la van plantejar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019afany per conquerir nous mercats per tal d\u2019incrementar les balances comercials de les principals monarquies europees \u2014castellana, francesa i anglesa\u2014 va provocar <\/span><b>importants conflictes b\u00e8l\u00b7lics continentals. I, tots ells, comportaven uns elevad\u00edssims costos econ\u00f2mics per als eraris p\u00fablics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Per aix\u00f2, es van veure obligades a cercar el control de nous territoris d\u2019ultramar, principalment de les Am\u00e8riques; i el domini del m\u00f3n, en general.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>L\u2019emissi\u00f3 de deute era una de les f\u00f3rmules emprades pels Estats per finan\u00e7ar les seves pol\u00edtiques expansionistes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A l\u2019Anglaterra del 1719, la Companyia dels Mars del Sud era una de les moltes empreses que compraven part del deute. A la vegada, l\u2019empresa emetia accions per finan\u00e7ar-se i amb aquests diners tornava a comprar deute. Tanmateix, a difer\u00e8ncia de la resta de competidors, la Companyia dels Mars del Sud va aconseguir un acord crucial d\u2019exclusivitat en esdevenir l\u2019\u00fanica companyia anglesa amb potestat per comerciar directament amb les col\u00f2nies sud-americanes de la Corona Castellana.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Aquest acord va provocar que els mercats financers es veiessin desbordats per una gran euf\u00f2ria compradora d\u2019accions de la companyia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Tanmateix, no hem d\u2019oblidar que tot aquest engranatge \u2014ple de trucs organitzats\u2014, era mogut per l\u2019Estat angl\u00e8s per finan\u00e7ar-se. El fet curi\u00f3s \u00e9s que aquesta companyia pr\u00e0cticament no va exercir mai cap activitat, per\u00f2 les seves accions van pujar m\u00e9s d\u2019un 1.000% en menys d\u2019un any.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aix\u00ed i tot, <\/span><b>quan l\u2019euf\u00f2ria va desapar\u00e8ixer i els preus de les accions van col\u00b7lapsar, va haver-hi una crisi de liquiditat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, que es va estendre per tota l\u2019economia anglesa i va desencadenar en una crisi de dimensions b\u00edbliques. Per davant es va emportar a milers d\u2019inversors que ho van perdre tot, el govern va dimitir en bloc, el Parlament es va dissoldre i una comissi\u00f3 gestora es va fer c\u00e0rrec de la gesti\u00f3 del pa\u00eds. Els representants de la Companyia dels Mars del Sud van acabar tots a la Torre de Londres. Finalment, Anglaterra va entrar en una llarga i profunda recessi\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica que va durar d\u00e8cades.<\/span><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component quote\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"quote__content col col-lg-8 offset-lg-2\">\n        <div class=\"quote__content__img\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ORIOLGARCIAFARRE-768x768.png\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"quote__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"row\">\n            <div class=\"col col-lg-10 offset-lg-1\">\n              <blockquote>\n                <p><b>\u201c<\/b><b>Qu\u00e8 passa quan comences a construir la capital dels EUA i m\u00e9s del 40% dels terrenys s\u00f3n privats? La North American Land Company<\/b><b> va provocar la desfeta de la xarxa credit\u00edcia de l\u2019Atl\u00e0ntic, i va acabar per accelerar el col\u00b7lapse del sistema<\/b><b>\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n                <span class=\"quote__content__author\">Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, agent 11Onze i historiador (UAB)<\/span>\n              <\/blockquote>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>1797: La construcci\u00f3 d\u2019una nova capital<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reunits a la ciutat de<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Filad\u00e8lfia, 55 representants de les antigues col\u00f2nies americanes es disposaven a redactar <\/span><b>una innovadora i revolucion\u00e0ria Carta Magna per a la incipient naci\u00f3<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Enrere quedava la guerra i el futur semblava prometedor. La nova constituci\u00f3 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d\u2019arrel il\u00b7lustrada<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> s\u2019inspirava en els principis de la llibertat i la igualtat. Aquella generaci\u00f3 d\u2019europeus que havien crescut i lluitat per implementar els principis de la ra\u00f3 en les seves societats, van observar el revolucionari sistema democr\u00e0tic i republic\u00e0 dels recentment nascuts Estats Units com el pas definitiu cap a la modernitat. <\/span><b>A partir d\u2019aleshores, tots els homes esdevindrien iguals per naturalesa i davant la llei<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La constituci\u00f3 nord-americana plantejava la creaci\u00f3 d\u2019<\/span><b>un govern federal, limitat en les seves compet\u00e8ncies, per\u00f2 superior als Estats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, equipat amb branques executiva i judicial, i un cos legislatiu bicameral: el Senat i la Cambra de Representants. I tots aquests organismes, on s\u2019havien d\u2019ubicar? S\u2019havia de construir una nova capital?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les discussions per decidir la ubicaci\u00f3 van ser llargues i tenses, encara que al final es va decidir que es construiria en uns extensos terrenys sobre el riu Potomac, al sud de Baltimore.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019urbanisme de la capital havia de representar l\u2019esperit il\u00b7lustrat mitjan\u00e7ant grans avingudes, rotondes, extenses zones enjardinades, i tot havia de respirar un estil neocl\u00e0ssic. Tanmateix, <\/span><b>qu\u00e8 passa quan comences a construir la capital i m\u00e9s del 40% dels terrenys s\u00f3n privats?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>La <\/b><b>North American Land Company<\/b><b> pretenia, amb la compra dels lots de terra, vendre\u2019ls a inversors europeus. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aix\u00ed i tot, aquesta venda massiva no es va materialitzar, perqu\u00e8 Europa estava massa entretinguda amb Napole\u00f3, causant principal de la tensi\u00f3 monet\u00e0ria i la retirada massiva de dip\u00f2sits dels principals bancs europeus. Per aix\u00f2, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North American Land Company <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">va accedir als principals mercats crediticis europeus <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">angl\u00e8s, franc\u00e8s i holand\u00e8s<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>va provocar la desfeta de la xarxa credit\u00edcia de l\u2019Atl\u00e0ntic, i va acabar per accelerar el col\u00b7lapse del sistema<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> i en una important <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aturada comercial.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>1815: El m\u00f3n despr\u00e9s de Viena<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Una figura a cavall va emergir entre les boires matinals a la Prairie de la Rencontre, a prop de Grenoble. Dirigint-se a l\u2019ex\u00e8rcit <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que el venia a detenir per haver-se escapat de l\u2019illa d\u2019Elba<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> va cridar: \u201cSoldats! Soc el vostre emperador. No em reconeixeu?\u201d. Al cap d\u2019un mes i mig, entrava a Par\u00eds entre crits de \u201cVisca l\u2019Emperador!\u201d. <\/span><b>La hist\u00f2ria estava disposada a donar-li una nova oportunitat a en Napole\u00f3 Bonaparte<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La restauraci\u00f3 de la monarquia francesa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">i, per tant, de l\u2019antic r\u00e8gim<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> xocava de ple amb l\u2019esperit revolucionari que Napole\u00f3 havia estat combatent durant quasi dues d\u00e8cades.\u00a0 Semblava que les dues concepcions sobre la gesti\u00f3 del poder eren irreconciliables i calia dirimir-ho en el camp de batalla. <\/span><b>Realment, Waterloo va significar la fi del somni revolucionari d\u2019en Bonaparte?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Els vencedors de Waterloo <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c0ustria, Gran Bretanya, R\u00fassia, Pr\u00fassia i Fran\u00e7a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> es van citar a Viena per restaurar l\u2019antic ordre prerevolucionari. Conven\u00e7uts de redre\u00e7ar la situaci\u00f3, aviat es van adonar que les <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">guerres napole\u00f2niques havien produ\u00eft uns canvis radicals i profunds a Europa, aix\u00ed com a altres parts del m\u00f3n. <\/span><b>Tots els esfor\u00e7os per revertir les pol\u00edtiques napole\u00f2niques van ser infructuosos.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Durant quasi 20 anys, la subjugaci\u00f3 dels pa\u00efsos europeus sota l\u2019Imperi Franc\u00e8s va permetre introduir moltes de les caracter\u00edstiques liberals de la Revoluci\u00f3 Francesa: la democr\u00e0cia, les lleis, el proc\u00e9s judicial de les Corts, l\u2019abolici\u00f3 de la servitud, la reducci\u00f3 del poder de l\u2019Esgl\u00e9sia cat\u00f2lica i la demanda d\u2019un l\u00edmit als poders de la monarquia. <\/span><b>Un dels llegats m\u00e9s importants de l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 napole\u00f2nica a Europa va ser la instauraci\u00f3 del dret civil i les seves institucions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component quote\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"quote__content col col-lg-8 offset-lg-2\">\n        <div class=\"quote__content__img\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ORIOLGARCIAFARRE-768x768.png\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"quote__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"row\">\n            <div class=\"col col-lg-10 offset-lg-1\">\n              <blockquote>\n                <p><b>\u201cConven\u00e7uts de redre\u00e7ar la situaci\u00f3, els vencedors de Waterloo aviat es van adonar que les guerres napole\u00f2niques havien produ\u00eft uns canvis radicals i profunds a Europa i el m\u00f3n. Tots els esfor\u00e7os per revertir-los van ser infructuosos\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n                <span class=\"quote__content__author\">Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, agent 11Onze i historiador (UAB)<\/span>\n              <\/blockquote>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>1845: <\/b><b>El genocidi gastron\u00f2mic de la patata<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A partir del segle XII, Irlanda va caure sota el domini d\u2019Anglaterra, que va traslladar a l\u2019illa poblaci\u00f3 no aut\u00f2ctona perqu\u00e8 s\u2019establissin com a colons. Al segle XIV, es van imposar les anomenades Normes de Kilkenny, que prohibien els matrimonis mixtos, aix\u00ed com l\u2019\u00fas del ga\u00e8lic i els costums del pa\u00eds. <\/span><b>Oliver Cromwell, al segle XVII, va ordenar la confiscaci\u00f3 de terres i altres b\u00e9ns dels cat\u00f2lics irlandesos<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, que podien passar a mans dels colons protestants anglesos, els \u00fanics que podien obtenir beneficis de les terres.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abans d\u2019aquesta confiscaci\u00f3, l\u2019alimentaci\u00f3 tradicional irlandesa es basava en cereals, carn, lactis, verdura i fruites. <\/span><b>Despr\u00e9s de la confiscaci\u00f3, grans quantitats de productes \u2014cereals, bestiar, lactis, aus\u2014 van comen\u00e7ar a sortir di\u00e0riament dels ports irlandesos cap a Anglaterra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Per aix\u00f2, els irlandesos van ser for\u00e7ats a mantenir una dieta exclusivament a base de patates i llet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I de cop i volta, l\u2019any 1845, a les plantacions de patates va apar\u00e8ixer una terrible plaga provocada pel fong \u2018Phytophthora infestans\u2019, que es va estendre r\u00e0pidament i va afectar de manera fat\u00eddica tots els cultius de patates. La plaga va desencadenar <\/span><b>un terrible episodi de fam per tota la pagesia irlandesa, i va causar la mort de m\u00e9s d\u2019un mili\u00f3 de persones. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mentrestant, el Parlament angl\u00e8s no va prendre cap mesura per ajudar a la pagesia irlandesa: \u00fanicament va enviar a Irlanda uns 200.000 soldats per mantenir la situaci\u00f3 comercial sota control i evitar l\u2019aixecament de la poblaci\u00f3. D\u2019aquesta manera, s\u2019assegurava que desenes de milions de caps de bestiar, tones de farina, gra, aus i productes lactis sortissin del pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Davant d\u2019aquesta situaci\u00f3 tan dram\u00e0tica \u2014agreujada per uns rigorosos hiverns\u2014, entre el 1845 i el 1849, <\/span><b>m\u00e9s d\u2019un mili\u00f3 i mig d\u2019irlandesos van decidir deixar de passar gana a les estepes verdes i emigrar al nou m\u00f3n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>1866: Rendibilitats fict\u00edcies<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certs estudis t\u00e8cnics demostraven que a Ogassa \u2014poblaci\u00f3 situada sota el Taga\u2014 hi havia abund\u00e0ncia de carb\u00f3, fet que possibilitaria l\u2019explotaci\u00f3 de la zona a gran escala. Aquesta extracci\u00f3 plantejava la necessitat de construir una xarxa moderna per transportar el material a un baix cost fins a Barcelona per fer funcionar les modernes m\u00e0quines de vapor de la incipient ind\u00fastria t\u00e8xtil.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Per aquest motiu, <\/span><b>es van destinar gran quantitat de recursos econ\u00f2mics <\/b><b>\u2014<\/b><b>p\u00fablics i privats<\/b><b>\u2014 <\/b><b>a la construcci\u00f3 de la xarxa ferrovi\u00e0ria catalana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Amb aquesta infraestructura es pretenia aconseguir una ind\u00fastria m\u00e9s competitiva i diversificada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R\u00e0pidament, la Monarquia es va pujar al carro del desenvolupament territorial per a tot l\u2019\u00e0mbit estatal. I la hist\u00f2ria ens ha ensenyat que la construcci\u00f3 d\u2019una nova gran infraestructura a escala estatal requereix molts recursos econ\u00f2mics. Molt\u00edssims. Per aix\u00f2,<\/span><b> es va haver de reformar el sistema financer estatal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> per mitj\u00e0 de dues importants lleis: la Llei de Bancs d\u2019Emissi\u00f3 i la Llei de Societats de Cr\u00e8dit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Per\u00f2 els mecanismes financers que havien fet possible la gran expansi\u00f3 de la d\u00e8cada van tocar fons el 1866 amb el crac de la Borsa de Barcelona<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Simplificant molt, els motius van ser tres. El primer, la progressiva acumulaci\u00f3 de p\u00e8rdues de les principals empreses creditores <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">com per exemple, Catalana General de Cr\u00e8dit, molt implicada en la construcci\u00f3 i explotaci\u00f3 ferrovi\u00e0ria<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que van anar demostrant que seria impossible recuperar totes les inversions realitzades. Segon, la intensa participaci\u00f3 de la societat en el negoci ferroviari, tant en forma d\u2019accions i obligacions en cartera com en pr\u00e9stecs garantits, que seria afectada per una caiguda dr\u00e0stica de la seva cotitzaci\u00f3. I tercer, l\u2019increment desmesurat dels tipus d\u2019inter\u00e8s, amb els efectes inevitables sobre tot el sistema financer. <\/span><b>Tot plegat acabaria esgotant tots els recursos econ\u00f2mics atresorats durant d\u00e8cades.<\/b><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component quote\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"quote__content col col-lg-8 offset-lg-2\">\n        <div class=\"quote__content__img\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ORIOLGARCIAFARRE-768x768.png\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"quote__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"row\">\n            <div class=\"col col-lg-10 offset-lg-1\">\n              <blockquote>\n                <p><b>\u201cEls rabassaires van haver de triar: <\/b><b>perdre la majoria dels antics drets sobre la terra o emigrar a la ciutat i esdevenir m\u00e0 d\u2019obra barata per a les modernes f\u00e0briques t\u00e8xtils<\/b><b>\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n                <span class=\"quote__content__author\">Oriol Garcia Farr\u00e9, agent 11Onze i historiador (UAB)<\/span>\n              <\/blockquote>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"component text\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n\n\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col  col-lg-8  offset-lg-2\">\n        <h3><b>1879: La mort de les vinyes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La Sent\u00e8ncia Arbitral de Guadalupe \u2014de finals del segle XV\u2014, va posar fi a la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la remen\u00e7a a Catalunya. Una de les seves conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies va ser sobre la propietat de la terra, que es va anar disgregant. Les grans propietats es van anar parcel\u00b7lant en r\u00e8gim d\u2019emfiteusi, semblant a un arrendament, per mitj\u00e0 d\u2019un contracte de rabassa morta. Aquest instrument jur\u00eddic tenia com a objectiu <\/span><b>la cessi\u00f3 al pag\u00e8s d\u2019unes terres ermes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u00e9s a dir, no treballades, perqu\u00e8<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aquest <\/span><b>hi plant\u00e9s ceps i treball\u00e9s la vinya mentre visquessin els ceps que havia plantat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. D\u2019aquesta manera, el pag\u00e8s es convertia en usufructuari de les terres que conreava, a canvi de pagar un cens anual al propietari.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Al llarg dels segles XVIII i XIX, les principals comarques catalanes productores de vi van incrementar exponencialment la seva producci\u00f3 agr\u00e0ria, a causa d\u2019una forta demanda del mercat. Aquest fet va portar a l\u2019increment espectacular d\u2019explotaci\u00f3 de noves terres, amb la conseg\u00fcent necessitat d\u2019una abundant m\u00e0 d\u2019obra i, a la llarga, un augment demogr\u00e0fic. La d\u00e8cada dels anys 80 del segle XIX, <\/span><b>Catalunya va viure l\u2019edat d\u2019or de la vitivinicultura, mentre Fran\u00e7a estava infectada per la fil\u00b7loxera<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aquest insecte americ\u00e0 atacava les arrels de la vinya i les matava lentament, la qual cosa explica la seva lenta extensi\u00f3 territorial. <\/span><b>Per\u00f2 la fil\u00b7loxera va saltar a Catalunya per l\u2019Empord\u00e0 l\u2019any 1879<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. El <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1893 va arribar al Pened\u00e8s, on en vuit anys va arrasar fins a 385.000 hect\u00e0rees de vinya. I el 1899 va arribar a la Terra Alta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Encegats pels beneficis, aquella generaci\u00f3 nom\u00e9s va pensar en el curt termini. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ni es va plantejar la possibilitat que la fil\u00b7loxera els afect\u00e9s, ni de bon tros que els pagesos haguessin d\u2019arrencar els ceps i, encara menys, passar un temps sense produir.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I, si els ceps es morien,<\/span><b> qu\u00e8 passaria amb els contractes de rabassa morta? La situaci\u00f3 es va complicar. I molt.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primer de tot, <\/span><b>es van substituir el 99% dels ceps europeus \u2014\u2018<\/b><b>Vitis vinifera\u2019<\/b><b>\u2014 pels ceps americans \u2014\u2018<\/b><b>Vitis rotundifolia\u2019<\/b><b>\u2014<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, at\u00e8s que s\u00f3n molt m\u00e9s resistents a la fil\u00b7loxera. I segon, els propietaris de les terres van considerar trencats el contractes de rabassa morta amb la mort dels ceps, tot i que els rabassaires demanaven la renovaci\u00f3 dels contractes per l\u2019excepcionalitat de la situaci\u00f3. Donat l\u2019augment de la conflictivitat, les opcions van anar encaminades en dues direccions: que els antics rabassaires esdevinguessin parcers, la qual cosa volia dir <\/span><b>perdre la majoria dels antics drets sobre la terra o emigrar a la ciutat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, i esdevenir m\u00e0 d\u2019obra barata per a les modernes f\u00e0briques t\u00e8xtils.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>11Onze \u00e9s la fintech comunit\u00e0ria de Catalunya. Obre un compte descarregant la super app El Canut per <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.e11onze.app&amp;utm_source=emailing&amp;utm_campaign=CANUT+launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Android<\/b><\/a><b> o <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/11onze\/id1566129237?utm_campaign=El+Canut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>iOS<\/b><\/a><b>. Uneix-te a la revoluci\u00f3!<\/b><\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"component cards\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col col-xl-8 offset-xl-2\">\n        <h1>Si t&#8217;ha agradat aquesta not\u00edcia, et recomanem:<\/h1>\n        <div class=\"cards__wrapper\">\n          <div class=\"card\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/magazine\/millora-sistema-extractiu\/\" class=\"card-link\" target=\"_self\"><\/a>\n            <div class=\"card-img\">\n              <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/THUMBNAIL_SISTEMES_EXTRACCIO-800x533.jpg\" class=\"card-img-top\" alt=\"\">\n                <span class=\"card-category\">Cultura<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card-body\">\n              <p class=\"card-title p2\"><strong>La millora del sistema extractiu<\/strong><\/p>\n              <span class=\"card-time\">12 min read<\/span>\n              <p class=\"card-text small\">L\u2019exuber\u00e0ncia econ\u00f2mica de finals del segle XVII far\u00e0&#8230;<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n\n          <div class=\"card\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/magazine\/eclosio-sistema-extractiu\/\" class=\"card-link\" target=\"_self\"><\/a>\n            <div class=\"card-img\">\n              <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/THUMBNAIL_ECLOSIO_SISTEMA_EXTRACTIU-800x533.jpg\" class=\"card-img-top\" alt=\"\">\n                <span class=\"card-category\">Cultura<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card-body\">\n              <p class=\"card-title p2\"><strong>L\u2019eclosi\u00f3 del sistema extractiu<\/strong><\/p>\n              <span class=\"card-time\">12 min read<\/span>\n              <p class=\"card-text small\">L\u2019adopci\u00f3 d\u2019una nova l\u00f2gica econ\u00f2mica a principis del segle&#8230;<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n\n          <div class=\"card\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/magazine\/industrialitzacio-vam-fer-segle\/\" class=\"card-link\" target=\"_self\"><\/a>\n            <div class=\"card-img\">\n              <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.11onze.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/THUMBNAIL_INDUSTRIALITZACIO_CATALUNYA-800x600.jpg\" class=\"card-img-top\" alt=\"\">\n                <span class=\"card-category\">Cultura<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card-body\">\n              <p class=\"card-title p2\"><strong>La industrialitzaci\u00f3 que vam fer en un segle<\/strong><\/p>\n              <span class=\"card-time\">3 min read<\/span>\n              <p class=\"card-text small\">Dins la nostra mem\u00f2ria perdura intensament el 1714&#8230;<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n              <\/div>\n              <br>\n              <br>\n              <div class=\"cards__wrapper\">\n\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":24832,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[178,172],"class_list":["post-24846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-cultue","tag-economy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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